@mguhlin In Bilingualism classes in Japan, I can require students to show what they have learned from this class, which is based on reliable research, and to discuss their own experiences in summary, reflection, and response papers. In such ways I can discern how much of students' writing is their own thinking and analyzing. Findings from the discipline of bilingualism are dwarfed by the amount of common misconceptions about bilingualism, which would presumably be reflected in AI databases, from blogs and such sources in Japanese, where students find mostly stereotypical, anecdotal, or prejudiced information for papers, despite my warnings to use reliable sources. I am wondering how applicable this approach could be for other subject matter areas.