This is an entirely over the top interpretation of what is happening in the scene the OP shared where a villainous character is trying to exploit what they perceive to be a weakness in one of the protagonists.
However, if you want to get into it, the biggest factor in any tone shift from TOS to now was DS9. That’s where we see the Federation abandoning humanity to the whims of the Cardassians for the sake of a treaty. That’s where a Starfleet enforces martial law on Earth and an admiral attempts a coup of the Federation government. That’s where we learn it’s illegal to engage in genetic modification, even when it would reverse a person’s intellectual disability. And, of course, DS9 introduced the concept of Section 31.
The seeds were always there, though. Even in TOS we learn that the governor of the colony Kirk grew up on had half the population executed because there was a famine and not enough food for everyone. We see a Federation professor who taught at the Academy introduce fascism to a planet because he believed it to be the most efficient philosophy for advancement. We see a planet that’s heavily implied Starfleet maintains a base there strictly for sex tourism, and we hear Federation delegates debate the issue of whether or not they should allow a planet whose resources they’ve been exploiting to even join the Federation. Kirk and the Klingons fight a proxy war using the native population of a pre-warp world before Kirk gets sad and just abandons his side. It’s even heavily implied that women cannot rise to the rank of captain in Starfleet.
The only Trek that resembles your interpretation is TNG, but even there we learn of human colonies with roving “rape gangs” like the world Tasha Yar grew up on.
Interesting. Cardassian starship weapons are most frequently described as phasers arrays. I can’t say for certain it’s never said in an episode that they also carry disruptors, but I do know that every time I can remember a shipboard armament on a Cardassian vessel being mentioned, it’s a phaser.
The DS9 Technical Manual says the Cardassian ships have spiral-wave disruptor arrays and a large aft disruptor cannon – presumably that’s what the pincer like structure on the back is supposed to be – but the DS9 Tech Manual is also…not up to the standard of quality established by the TNG Technical Manual.
Now I kinda want to check.
Edit: Obviously also not canon, but the Star Trek Adventures Core Rulebook lists the Galor-class as having both phasers and disruptors.