@bluGill@kbin.social
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

bluGill

@[email protected]

A programmer with an interest in transit, making music, and building things of all types.

This profile is from a federated server and may be incomplete. Browse more on the original instance.

drewdevault, to random
@drewdevault@fosstodon.org avatar

The story of Wayland:

  1. No one wanted to maintain X11 because it sucked
  2. We made Wayland and it's much better
  3. A vocal minority of change-averse people complained with little to no factual basis
  4. They were asked to muster some labor to maintain X11
  5. None of them did
  6. All of the people who actually do get work done eventually stopped listening to them and moved on with Wayland
bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@drewdevault

@Bankizo Getting close to true though: software is finished not when there isn't more work to do, but when nobody cares to maintain it. X11 isn't completely unmaintained, but it is getting close.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@orva

@drewdevault That is why I supported wayland from the beginning when it barely had any code at all: the people behind it knew what the real problems with X11 were from experience. there were several other attempts to replace X11 before then, but the X11 maintainers who understood the real problems said those wouldn't fix anything.

enobacon, to random
@enobacon@urbanists.social avatar

#transportation staff like to say that their agency (be it city or state) is like a big boat that's hard to turn, but it's on course to vastly overshoot our #carbon budget of a livable planet, and all viable turns don't change that. #ClimateAction requires us to dismantle or drastically alter that boat, not just turn the rudder.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@enobacon When turning a large boat you have to plan ahead and start the turn early. However transit systems in general are not interested in turning the boat. Most transit officials have goals completely unrelated to transit, so they won't make the decisions to start useful turns. And even if that wasn't the case, most transit systems don't have enough money to make a useful change and it isn't in their control to get more (but this is second because there are small changes most can make in their budget that would improve things if they cared to try them).

jon, to random
@jon@gruene.social avatar

And there’s only one lesson the Swiss ought to give the Germans about rail: INVEST AS MUCH AS THE SWISS.

The Swiss invest - per inhabitant - about 4x as much per year in the rail network as Germany does. Once Germany does that, rail in Germany will improve.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@jon Careful, they might decide to learn what to spend money on from the US and end up with projects that cost 7x what they should and thus the investment doesn't bring much for results.

rolle, to random
@rolle@mementomori.social avatar

I’m so tired of the capitalist argument that an open source project cannot be successful because it’s based on nonprofit or donations instead of vc funding and corporates.

Some people seem to actually believe in this narrative that Linux, Mozilla products and the Internet itself are all alive solely because of for-profit industries while forgetting that the actual people, inventors, universities and organisations do exist in this world. Also the contributing factors by companies do not nullify the brilliance of the original project. FFS, it is not all because of the money.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@rolle capitilism was a strawman. it is what ever best fits yoour need for evil. In the real word what it pretends to represent is far too complex to understand, much argue about

YouTube screwing itself with adblockers again

I use Firefox and uBlock Origin. Not sure what kind of experience anyone else is having with YouTube, but recently my home page has been empty because I “don’t have watch history turned on”. Okay, fine. I won’t be able to browse suggested videos, and I’ll spend less time on their platform....

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

Statistically you will buy that so the ad companies pay google to ignore your prefferences.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

Let me add the regular reminder to look for content on peertube first.

RM_Transit, to random
@RM_Transit@mstdn.social avatar

While sometimes looking at climate change data gets me really depressed, remembering the massive tranche of transit and electric railway projects that will open by 2030 is very positive.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@RM_Transit makes me depressed that I don't live in one.

b0rk, to random
@b0rk@jvns.ca avatar

does anyone have tips for how to make sense of git merge histories like this? do you use git log --first-parent? git log --topo-order --no-merges? something else? how can you tell if commit A was merged before or after commit B? what if there are "backwards" merges like in the 3rd screenshot?

(no "just make the history linear” or "merges are bad" takes please)

image/png
image/png

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@b0rk Everytime I see messes like that I miss mercurial. You still had the mess, but since branches are a first class thing there you have a lot more useful history to figure out what is going on. (git does not have branches in the same way) Sadly mercurial lost and I was forced to move since I can't maintain all the tools needed to use mercurial in the modern world much less have time to develop my own code.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

Are there any that are not on youtube? I'm trying to degoogle my life, and youtube is on the hardest ones to find alternatives to.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

I mostly don't need a 1:1 replacement, just great content. There is more great content added in a day than there are hours - even if I watch on 2x speed. Note that I reduced this great content as opposed to the junk and there is still more than enough. Just give me some of that content and I'm happy. (junk vs great is in the eye of the beholder)

briankrebs, to random
@briankrebs@infosec.exchange avatar

I've grudgingly come around to the notion that there is only one way out of the ransomware problem: Make paying a ransom illegal. This is not very different from laws that make it illegal for US companies to pay bribes to foreign officials.

I really don't see any other way out of this mess. Yes, some victims will unfortunately ignore any laws that say they can't pay, but enforcement probably will not be hard.

What will be difficult are the situations where peoples' lives are at stake in ransomware incidents This sounds callous, but we can't afford to take the short view here anymore, and our other alternatives aren't great either.

I'm quite certain this is an unpopular view, but we have already seen the cost of doing nothing. At least in the interests of congruity for our financial sanctions vs Russia, we should probably make this change sooner rather than later.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@briankrebs all payments should be legal if the fbi has placed traces on then. Make that money something they don't want.

RM_Transit, to random
@RM_Transit@mstdn.social avatar

I am making a video about a transit plan proposal for Toronto its actually super exciting, and its all bus!

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@altrusolutions

@RM_Transit First consideration: drivers need regular bio-breaks (use the restroom). Which puts 60 minutes at about the max - see doctors and the union (in that order) for details (which is to say I don't know what the real time is, but 60 minutes sounds right until you find a real expert). This of course gets into where can the driver get off to use a bathroom - either the bus must be empty or there needs to be fresh driving waiting - if headway are long this will force a shorter route just because you need a place for the drive to stop.

RM_Transit, to random
@RM_Transit@mstdn.social avatar

It's almost universally agreed upon in the urban planning community that suburban sprawl is bad for cities, transit, and the people in them. But there's something much worst than good ole suburban sprawl - let's find out in today's video.

https://youtu.be/hrifjkEXvnY

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@gear_admiral

@RM_Transit Most people live in some sort of long term marriage style arrangement. In these modern days both are likely to have a job outside the house. Thus twice the chance that someone doesn't work near home.

Alon, to random
@Alon@mastodon.social avatar

I have discovered something even more mind-numbing than formatting a bibliography: writing a CV.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Alon

@DanFox ai works well as spell check, but it cannot fact check which limits usefulness

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

I think there are higher priority issues. Not that you are raising invalid issues, just too much work for too few Ernst's

georgetakei, to random
@georgetakei@universeodon.com avatar

If impregnating men were held legally responsible for unwanted pregnancies and criminally charged if they were terminated, none of these abortion ban laws would ever have been passed.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@georgetakei except for the usual mothers health issues we should charge both.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

Thanks for this. I'm starting to learn it, but already feel like I make less mistakes without autocorrect. Sad as I'm a bad speller.

eniko, to random
@eniko@peoplemaking.games avatar

normal coders: we need to redo this program in a memory safe language for security reasons

me: i need to absolutely destroy C#'s memory safety for performance reasons

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@eniko You shouldn't have to compromise like that. Memory safety is not in conflict with performance in general. Though many garbage collectors provide some annoying downsides in conflict with performance.

capntransit, to random
@capntransit@urbanists.social avatar

I'm baffled by the stress on the stat about "one in five vehicles is a truck." If we really believe in getting rid of cars, wouldn't that increase the percentage of vehicles that are trucks?

More important is the number of trucks per hour: 10-35 on some streets. But if we don't do much to shift local freight to cargo bikes or trolleys, or nationwide freight to trains and boats, why wouldn't we get lots of trucks? This is not really a local problem.

https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2023/12/12/red-hooks-traffic-is-one-fifth-trucks-vans-as-more-warehouses-arrive

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@capntransit Trucks make sense for a lot of "last mile" cargo transport. they also make a lot of sense for many construction and maintenance actives. I estimate that with the perfectly ideal public transit system 35% of traffic would remain on the roads because it is things like the above that cannot be done by a transit system. Or maybe I should say should not be done: I can imaging doing them, via transit but it would in some way compromise the system and so be worse for the rest.

Note that 35% is just a guess, not a formally studied number. I don't think it is worth a study to figure it out, our efforts are much better spent on the other traffic and acknowledging that. I often tell people don't image getting rid of all your cars, imaging getting rid of one. Keep your truck for hauling the boat, or whatever it is you do with the truck, but imagine a transit system that you can use to get groceries, go to church and all the other things people do that doesn't need a truck. There is a lot of low hanging fruit before we can start asking can some truck activity be done without a truck.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@capntransit Here I thought we were on the same page: get more people on transit will result in trucks being a larger % of all vehicles on roads. (yes cargo bikes and freight trains take some of that - we may disagree with how much - I'm being pragmatic and trying to focus on the low hanging fruit of the thousands of trips people make that could be done via transit instead of trying to figure out how to get the small minority of truck traffic that can't be done via transit into some other mode)

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

Nothing. I hate debt. I have a house payment as for me it is a better deal than rent, but i'm not happy. I'll probably get a car loan when the id.buzz comes here, but i'll hate it.

Debt that makes money work for you is okay, but most doesn't do that and is a bad deal. I have no interest in running a business, and if you don't make money because of it, debt cannot work for you. (I.could pay cash for a.tiny home in middle of nowhere places that I prefer not to live)

capntransit, to random
@capntransit@urbanists.social avatar

RT @Streetsblog The latest round of federal rail grants could be planting the seeds for an interstate railway system that may someday rival the interstate highway system, some advocates say — and not just along the high speed rail corridors that will be its crown jewel.

https://usa.streetsblog.org/2023/12/11/latest-white-house-grants-show-promise-for-a-real-interstate-rail-system

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@capntransit Could be, but I don't see it happening in my lifetime. Between high costs meaning the grants are not enough to get anything built anytime soon, and spreading the grants thin ensuring that nobody has the money to actually finish anything, I see nothing getting done anytime soon and several projects getting canceled in the half-done state.

danderson, to random
@danderson@hachyderm.io avatar

Wow, TIL near where I grew up in France, high-speed rail (the TGV) caused tangible reduction in passenger air traffic. The budget airlines shut off the routes as soon as the TGV started running, unable to compete. The larger airlines kept trying for ten years, but eventually gave up as well. Turns out, 2-3 hours on a comfortable train that drops you in the middle of town is better than faffing around in airports, despite the trip time being just 1h.

Just a thought, North America.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@m108

@danderson system is key, if the system can't get you where you want to be then you must drive.

bikepedantic, to random
@bikepedantic@transportation.social avatar

More beautiful - the DCA tower or those five minute Metrorail headways?

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@bikepedantic amazing how few rail systems can manage 5 minute headways. Always a sign transit management hates riders.

preslavrachev, to random
@preslavrachev@mastodon.social avatar

If you enjoy doing the , I’m happy for you. I still think, though, that we can come up with something that motivates people to program for 24 straight days, but with a little more impact for humanity or for their local community. I mean, algorithmic riddles are fun and all, but how about collectively solving sth where those algorithms fit a bigger picture?

Disclaimer: I have no idea what the challenges are this time. They may very well be what I’ve just explained.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@tshirtman

@preslavrachev if all the good algorithms are not already part of your standard library then get a better language. Your job as a programmer is moving data and applying algorithms.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

This will be hard to find legally.

As an American i'm required to not ship anything to Canada that would then be shipped onto Cuba. As a.Canadian if I ask you if you will reship this to Cuba you are required to answer no, no matter what (that is if you would ship to Cuba you must lie).. these two make is really tricky so such a business to exist as I can't put in enough protection to ensure things don't get shipped onto Cuba to satisfy American laws.

There are similar laws around shipping things to Israel, Russia ,Iran (to name counties in the news), mostly US and Canada are aligned on them, but specific details can be different and they matter.

Note, laws like the above change all the time. My facts are ten years out of date since I don't keep up.

bikepedantic, to random
@bikepedantic@transportation.social avatar

The correct song to listen to while walking, running, rolling or bicycling to get somewhere is “The Ballad of John Henry.” This is the preferred version. No questions at this time, thank you. https://youtu.be/aj7HonV66mU?si=JtKcUUDnPSO0BNut

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@bikepedantic where is the peertube link? I'm trying to degoogle my life

Litzz11, to random
@Litzz11@mastodon.world avatar

I think I told y'all that my friend somehow got on the Trump campaign's email list and she's been getting upwards of 20 emails a day. She's sent me a few. They are hilarious.

This came in today. I knew Trump loved this photo of himself, I'm sure he thinks it makes him look tough. To me he just looks fake.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Litzz11 I live in iowa ,so I get snail mail almost daily. So far they have all convinced me not to caucus for them (I generally identify as right wing ,but they are speaking about issues I oppose them on)

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Litzz11 what is confusing is yelling drill drill drill to a state with no oil and mostly wind power for electric . Not to mention borders when the nearest border is more than 500 miles, and that is to Canada. I don't see how anyone would think those are my issues.

RM_Transit, to random
@RM_Transit@mstdn.social avatar

The amount of times I have heard Scarborough needed/needs "LRT" because people are stuck on buses is wild. 1) It implies buses are an inferior mode of transit. 2) It often seems to underpin the resistance to making our buses better, lest they eat into "LRT" benefits.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@tehabe

@RM_Transit that is a good, but rare problem to have.

I don't recognize the picture, but my gut feel looking at is they need more shorter bus routes more frequent. That road looks very wide, and the buildings not very tall, so a couple different express stops and local service would be very helpful. Again, just a guess without knowing the city.

SoniEx2, to random
@SoniEx2@chaos.social avatar

how hard would it be to take a standard off-the-shelf printer and replace its controller board?

it's not like you can put DRM on a motor. and let's be honest, sourcing the parts for a printer is the real hard part. programming it/figuring out how to drive it is hard, sure, but it's just firmware, anyone can download it off the internet.

you wouldn't buy printer parts. but you can buy a microcontroller and download firmware.

thoughts?

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@SoniEx2 i'm sure I could do it, but it would probably take a couple years. The hard part is figuring out how the print head works.

ascott, to random
@ascott@fosstodon.org avatar

Question for the keeb people... Is it possible to build a custom keyboard with shaky hands?

For reference, I build my own desktops but the tiny screws are very difficult sometimes. It takes several minutes, at least, just to mount the motherboard properly.

I have a couple prebuilts and it would be really cool to make my own the way I do PCs, however I don't want to buy a kit if I'm just going to make myself sad.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@ascott you can get prebuilt with your choice of switches for cheap, so i'm not sure why you want to diy

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@ascott design a board in kicad and then have it assembled. Or at least the right sockets for hot swap keys. Soldering chips in place seems iffy at best, but you can hire that done.

TechConnectify, to random
@TechConnectify@mas.to avatar

Wow. Talking about license plate registration stickers has actually caused me to stick up for one of those typically 'murican values.

Do we really need a differently-colored sticker every year to signal the car is properly registered in this day and age of enforcement cameras with OCR hooked up to central databases? Strictly speaking, no.

But it's a nice alternative to that sort of surveillance tech being everywhere which I'd rather not normalize.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@matthubble

@TechConnectify many cars are on the road without insurance. There is a.whole industry of insure your car for a day, which is enough to get past the yearly registration check that you have insurance.

nixCraft, to random
@nixCraft@mastodon.social avatar

Two types of users. which one are you?

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@nixCraft I wish I was using *BSD.

ajsadauskas, (edited ) to technology
@ajsadauskas@aus.social avatar

Are agile scrums an outdated idea?

Here's a video on YouTube making the case for why agile was an innovative methodology when it was first introduced 20 years ago.

However, he argues these days, daily scrums are a waste of time, and many organisations would be better off automating their reporting processes, giving teams more autonomy, and letting people get on with their work:

https://youtu.be/KJ5u_Kui1sU?si=M_VLET7v0wCP4gHq

A few of my thoughts.

First, it's worth noting that many organisations that claim to be "agile" aren't, and many that claim to use agile processes don't.

Just as a refresher, here's the key values and principles from the agile manifesto: http://agilemanifesto.org/

  1. Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
  2. Working software over comprehensive documentation
  3. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
  4. Responding to change over following a plan
  • Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
  • Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.
  • Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale.
  • Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the project.
  • Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.
  • The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.
  • Working software is the primary measure of progress.
  • Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.
  • Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.
  • Simplicity--the art of maximizing the amount of work not done--is essential.
  • The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.
  • At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective, then tunes and adjusts its behavior accordingly.

Your workplace isn't agile if your team is micromanaged from above; if you have a kanban board filled with planning, documentation, and reporting tasks; if your organisation is driven by processes and procedures; if you don't have autonomous cross-functional teams.

Yet in many "agile" organisations, I've noticed that the basic principles of agile are ignored, and what you have is micromanagement through scrums and kanban boards.

And especially outside software development teams, agile tends to just be a hollow buzzword. (I once met a manager at a conference who talked up how agile his business was, and didn't believe me when I said agile was originally a software development methodology — one he revealed he wasn't following the principles of.)

@technology

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Zaktor

@technology @ajsadauskas @jordanlund @pixxelkick @7u5k3n the point is you can say if you have problems and quickly find if someone else knows the solution or if you need to spend time digging in.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Zaktor

@technology @ajsadauskas @jordanlund @pixxelkick @7u5k3n no, people can say things like that faster than they can type. Unless you are not native

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Zaktor

@technology @ajsadauskas @jordanlund @pixxelkick @7u5k3n if there is nothing to discuss my meetings take 3 minutes. I can't verify spelling of just my status email in that time. We don't leave our desks for the meeting, so it is three minutes. They are called standups for a reason, sitting down should not be worth it (except for the one disabled person )

Your problem seems to be how the meeting is run.

I'm starting to see some serious downsides to being able to see who downvotes you. (kbin.social)

A few days ago I downvoted someone's comment, and the next day I happened to notice every single comment I've ever made had at least one downvote. All from the person I dared to downvote the ONE time. I straight up asked why they did it, and they seem to think I'm an "obvious" troll account that "apparently just exist to...

/kbin logotype
bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

Still a good idea, kbin doesn't need to use your downvotes as part of any algorithm if you are negative.

humantransit, to random
@humantransit@mastodon.online avatar

Public transit authorities are constantly being pressured to buy version 1.0 of the latest technology. But they have good reason to wait for the bugs to be worked out, because when technology fails the riders lose. Example: Edmonton's electric buses: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/edmonton-buses-proterra-1.7035186?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@humantransit If you don't buy 1.0 there won't be a 1.1. So if this is something you want you need to figure out how to ensure it gets to 1.1. Sometimes that means buying 1.0 and not using it (or only using it in the lab to report bugs, but not in "production", sometimes it means a grant to suppliers.

In this case they should have bought 5 buses for testing purposes, and 5 more every year while they get experience until they are confident they will work for everything. Buying 60 at a time is too large a bet on new technology.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@humantransit you need some of that. However if you can't install 5 chargers (this might require a utility) and a few special tools for your current system then the manufature needs to go back to the drawing board.

What never pencils out is making a large bet on unproven technology and this situation is why. So you make smaller bets that long term are more $, but if they don't work out are cheaper. Alternatively, cities like Vancouver can all get together to pay for one city to make the large bet with the understanding that the one city will try it and if it is good pay back the others, but if it is bad they all agree to cut their losses.

DrTCombs, to random
@DrTCombs@transportation.social avatar

Your regular timely reminder that good public transit systems benefit everyone, regardless of whether everyone rides it.

Said differently: good transit doesn't have to cater to the elite for the elite to benefit from it.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@DrTCombs Unfortunately many only have access to bad transit. Better than nothing if after 5 DWIs you can't get your friends to drive you around anymore, but if your situation is better than that it isn't worth having.

capntransit, to random
@capntransit@urbanists.social avatar

Transit is far from the only government service that wastes billions of government dollars. If we focus our energy on solving inefficiencies in transit construction instead of on building pro-transit political power, there is nothing to prevent drive-everywhere bureaucrats and elected officials from using the savings to build more car infrastructure.

https://www.politico.com/news/2023/12/05/congress-ev-chargers-billions-00129996

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@capntransit We need both. Right now costs are the bigger problem - places where there is demand for transit are spending a lot of money for very little results. People are voting for transit in at least a few cases, but they are not getting it because costs are out of control.

If NYC had reasonable costs they could build al of SAS in one phase and get better transit while having money left over for those other projects. Of course the full SAS will get more people to ride tansit who don't currently see it as a good option - these people - some who don't even know they would use it will become supporters. Better yet, everyone expects all phases of SAS will be done - if they did it all in one reasonably priced phase, when the next phase comes around they can instead build some other projects.

Transit is expensive, and the larger the network the more expensive it is. However a small transit network is not useful and thus a waste of money while a large network despite the costs can be a great savings for everyone.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@capntransit while there is no guarantee, cheaper could get SAS all phases today for less money. We may never see the next phase of SAS by the same argument .

I do attack wasteful roads and parking , but you may not see that.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@capntransit cheaper means we have a better chance though.

DontMindMe, to fuck_cars
@DontMindMe@zirk.us avatar

Driving 8 hours round trip today to pick up one person, and I'll never understand why Americans think this is more convenient than my colleague taking a train.

@fuck_cars

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@n2burns

@fuck_cars @DontMindMe @Caradoc879 @InquisitiveApathy

I have never seen insurance that checks how much you drive. Maybe they do a neighborhood scale, but not on a personal one. I understand some places have that, but it isn't universal.

I keep track of my records, and have for years, which is why I say most costs are fixed: they are.

bluGill,
@bluGill@kbin.social avatar

@Gabu

@fuck_cars @DontMindMe @verdigris NYC did that, but they didn't invest at all into maintenance beyond the minimum. Thus their subways are over crowded, and use obsolete systems that are unable to run modern service.

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